Biography of W.E.B. Du Bois, Activist and Scholar

W.E.B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt; February 23, 1868–August 27, 1963) was a pivotal sociologist, historian, educator, and sociopolitical activist who argued for immediate racial equality for African-Americans. His emergence as a black leader paralleled the rise of the  Jim Crow laws of the South and the Progressive Era. He was a co-founder of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and has been called the Father of Social Science and the Father of Pan-Africanism. Fast Facts: W.E.B. Du Bois Known For:  Editor, writer, political activist for racial equality, co-founder of the NAACP, often called the Father of Social Science and the Father of Pan-AfricanismBorn:  February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, MassachusettsParents: Alfred and Mary Silvina Du BoisDied:  August 27, 1963 in Accra, GhanaEducation: Fisk University, Harvard University (first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University)Published Works: The Philadelphia Negro,  The Souls of Black Folk, The Negro, The Gift of Black Folk,  Black Reconstruction,  The Color of Democracy, The CrisisAwards and Honors: Spingarn Medal, Lenin Peace Prize  Spouse(s): Nina Gomer, Lola Shirley Graham, JuniorChildren: Burghardt, Yolande, stepson, David Graham Du BoisNotable Quote: â€Å"Now is the accepted time, not tomorrow, not some more convenient season. It is today that our best work can be done and not some future day or future year. It is today that we fit ourselves for the greater usefuln ess of tomorrow. Today is the seed time, now are the hours of work, and tomorrow comes the harvest and the playtime.† Early Life and Education Du Bois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, on February 23, 1868. The Du Bois family was one of the few black families living in the predominantly white town. In high school, Du Bois was already focussing on racial inequality. At age 15, he became the local correspondent for the  New York Globe  and gave lectures and wrote editorials, spreading his ideas that  black people needed to politicize themselves. Du Bois attended an integrated school where he excelled. Upon his graduation from high school, members of his community awarded Du Bois with a scholarship to attend Fisk University. While at Fisk, Du Bois experience of racism and poverty was markedly different from his life in Great Barrington. Du Bois, consequently, decided to dedicate his life to ending racism and uplifting black Americans. In 1888, Du Bois graduated from Fisk and was accepted to Harvard University where he earned a master’s degree, a doctorate, and a fellowship to study for two years at the University of Berlin in Germany. He was the first black American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University. Academic Teaching Career Du Bois followed his first teaching job at Wilberforce University with a fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania to conduct a research project in Philadelphia’s seventh ward slums. Researching racism as a  social system, he was determined to learn as much as he could in an attempt to find the â€Å"cure† for prejudice and discrimination. His investigation, statistical measurements, and  sociological interpretation  of this endeavor were published as  The Philadelphia Negro. This was the first time such a scientific approach to studying social phenomenon was undertaken, which is why Du Bois is often called the Father of Social Science. Du Bois next taught at Atlanta University, where he remained for 13 years. At Atlanta University, he  studied and wrote  about morality, urbanization, business and education, the church, and crime as it affected black society. His main goal was to encourage and help social reform. Opposition to Booker T. Washington Initially, Du Bois agreed with the philosophy of Booker T. Washington, the preeminent leader of African-Americans during the Progressive Era. Washingtons activism and life work were all aimed to help black Americans become skilled in industrial and vocational trades so they could open businesses, assimilate into American society as engaged citizens, and become self-reliant. Du Bois, however, came to greatly disagree with Washingtons incremental, compromising approach and he outlined his arguments in his collection of essays, The Souls of Black Folk, published in 1903. In these essays, Du Bois argued that white Americans needed to take responsibility for their contributions to the problem of racial inequality. He delineated the flaws he saw in Washington’s argument, but nevertheless, he also agreed that black Americans must take better advantage of educational opportunities to uplift their race as they simultaneously fought racism directly. In The Souls of Black Folk he elaborated on his concept of double-consciousness: It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at ones self through the eyes of others, of measuring ones soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. Organizing for Racial Equality In July 1905, Du Bois organized the Niagara Movement with William Monroe Trotter. Niagara Movement took a more militant approach to fighting racial inequality. Its chapters throughout the United States fought local acts of discrimination and the national organization published a newspaper, Voice of the Negro. The Niagara Movement dismantled in 1909 and Du Bois, along with several other members, joined with white Americans to establish the NAACP. Du Bois was appointed director of research. In 1910, he left Atlanta University to work full-time as the publications director at the NAACP, where he served as the editor of their magazine The Crisis from 1910 to 1934. In addition to urging black American readers to become socially and politically active, the hugely successful publication later showcased literature and visual art of the Harlem Renaissance. Break With the NAACP By the 1930s, the NAACP had become increasingly institutionalized while Du Bois had become more radical. Because of these differences with the NAACP, he left the magazine and organization in 1934 and returned to teaching at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of a number of African American leaders investigated by the FBI, which claimed that in 1942 his writings indicated he was a socialist. At the time, Du Bois was chairman of the Peace Information Center and was one of the signers of the Stockholm Peace Pledge, which opposed the use of nuclear weapons. Racial Upliftment Throughout Du Bois’ career, he worked tirelessly to end racial inequality. Through his membership in the American Negro Academy, Du Bois developed the idea of the â€Å"Talented Tenth,† arguing that educated African-Americans could lead the fight for racial equality in the United States. Du Bois’ ideas about the importance of education would be present again during the Harlem Renaissance. During this flowering of black literary, visual, and musical art, Du Bois argued that racial equality could be gained through the arts. Using his influence during his time as editor of The Crisis, Du Bois promoted the work of many African-American visual artists and writers. Pan-Africanism Du Bois concern for racial equality was not limited to the United States. He was an activist for equality for people of African descent throughout the world. As a leader of the Pan-African movement, Du Bois organized conferences for the Pan-African Congress, including its first in 1919. Leaders from Africa and the Americas assembled to discuss racism and oppression—issues that people of African descent faced all over the world. In 1961, Du Bois moved to Ghana and renounced his U.S. citizenship. Death Over the course of his two years in Ghana, Du Bois health deteriorated. He died there on August 27, 1963, at age 95.  Du Bois was given a state funeral in Accra, Ghana. Legacy Du Bois was a central leader in the fight for racial upliftment and equality in the 20th century. In the world of academia, he is considered to be one of the founders of modern sociology. His body of work  inspired the creation of a critical journal of black politics, culture, and society called  Souls. His legacy is honored annually by  the American Sociological Association  with an award for a career of distinguished scholarship given in his name. Sources Appiah, Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates, editors. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press, 2005  Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt). Autobiography of W.E.B. DuBois: a soliloquy on viewing my life from the last decade of its first century. International Publishers, 1968.Lewis, David Levering. W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race 1868–1919. Henry Holt and Company, 1993

Essay on Anth Final - 742 Words

Veronica Kim Final Exam –Anth101 Kohistani Violence Thull, is an area where the violence of Kohistani was studied by R. Lincoln Keiser. In this region, the Kohistani, initially did not believe in bloodshed in order to solve conflicts. As elements in their traditional lives changed, Kohistani violence became more and more prevalent in their culture. Three specific changes were the main reasons for the growth in violence. One change led to another change, which then led to a third change. These changes to the traditional culture of the Kohistani were the reason for increased violence among the Kohistani in Thull. The Kohistani were originally pastoralists. Their subsistence methods consisted of a balance of farming and†¦show more content†¦However, when the Kohistani entered the market economy through the development of roads, they were able to purchase firearms. In the past, they protected themselves against enemies with other weapons such as knives and spears. As a result, when conflicts surfaced, the men of Thull we re required to come into close proximity to their enemies. This was not a reasonable form of conflict resolution for the people of Thull. Therefore, violence was not the primary means of resolving disagreements. Once firearms were introduced, there was a new form of protection for the Kohistani. There was no longer a reason for the Kohistani to resolve issues through negotiations. Instead, there was an increase in violence and blood feuding because they were able to fight and easily murder their enemies from afar. The construction of roads not only exposed the people of Thull to firearms and the market economy, but also to different influences and religions from other regions. One specific religion that influenced the Kohistani of Thull was fundamentalist Islam. The major beliefs of fundamentalist Islam were the protection of women’s purity and one’s honor. A man’s honor was directly related to a woman’s purity. For this reason, men of a family needed to protect the women in the family. A male member of the woman’s family avenged any type of insult or action that was believed to be aShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Lobato V. The State Of Nevada978 Words   |  4 PagesAnth 311-01 Final Project In the case of Lobato v. the State of Nevada, it is hard to see how someone could be convicted with evidence that does not make very much sense at all. My groups responsibility was to cover the prosecution side and five pieces of evidence of the case using the information from the news article by Joshua Longobardy titled, â€Å"Kirsten Blaise Lobato is accused in a gruesome slaying. Did she do it?†. Upon the detective arriving to the scene of the crime, they removed the debrisRead MoreThe Goal Of Archaeological Research906 Words   |  4 PagesLindsey Grissom Anth 265 2/3/2016 Taylor Writing Assignment 1 For as long as humans have been around we have had cultural traditions specific to our species. The goal of archaeological research is to obtain a broad understanding of human culture. Archaeologists are interested in studying culture in the past and in the present through material remains. Remains include anything that was created or modified for use by humans. By studying culture in this way we gain insight into how different communitiesRead MoreResponse Paper : Mother And The Medical Staff At Merced Community Medical Center ( Mcmc )952 Words   |  4 PagesLesly Marroquin ANTH 230 Response Paper 3 â€Å"It felt as if there was this layer of Saran Wrap or something between us†¦.So we couldn’t really accomplish what we were trying to do, which was to take care of Lia† (47-48). The cultural barrier between Lia Lee’s parents and the medical staff at Merced Community Medical Center (MCMC) was recognized equally by both parties throughout the many interactions they had. From Lia’s birth to her final release from MCMC a recurring theme has been reproduction,Read MoreSocial Organization, Leadership Roles, and Colonial Presence in Chinua Achebe‚Äà ´s ‚Äà ºThings Fall Apart‚Äà ¹1136 Words   |  5 PagesNatalie Clark Anth 2315/ Dr. Kennell July 26, 2011 Social Organization, Leadership Roles, and Colonial Presence in Chinua Achebe’s â€Å"Things Fall Apart† Chinua Achebe’s novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† tells the story of Okonkwo, an ambitious man from the Igbo village of Umuofia, in modern day Nigeria at the onset of the Colonial era. Okonkwo is a rising member of the society until he inadvertently kills a kinsman and must flee for seven years to his mother’s clan so as not to offend the earth goddessRead MoreAnthropology1092 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Anthropology 1120 Assignment 1: Critical Reading Exercise Value: 10% of final grade DUE DATE: Section A: MONDAY OCTOBER 21 in your tutorial Section B: WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 23 in your tutorial You must also upload your assignment to Turnitin via the course Moodle website by the beginning of the lecture on the due date. (more instructions will be provided in tutorials) How does it work? You must write a 3-4 page critical summary of 1 (one) of the following required reading articles fromRead MoreThe Shroud Of Turin : Deep Inside The Cathedral Of St. John The Baptist1624 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew Douthit Professor Sullivan ANTH 2302 28 April 2017 Final Paper – The Shroud of Turin Deep inside the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Turin, Italy rests a 14.5 x 3.7 inch long linen cloth. This shroud is stored in a custom built, temperature and humidity controlled, lighttight case made of bulletproof, laminated glass, which weighs about 2,200 pounds. On the shroud bears the faint image of a man who has been crucified. Many believe it to be the actual burial shroud Jesus of NazarethRead MoreMedical Anthropology Winter 2016 : Final Exam Questions1797 Words   |  8 PagesCallie Rogers 3/15/16 ANTH 162: Introduction to Medical Anthropology Winter 2016: Final Exam Questions 1)   What is the relationship between social exclusion and physical or mental health? †¨ Many risk factors, including proximal and distal factors, can influence an individuals health. However, proximate causes of disease, which include factors such as diet and exercise. Link and Phelan’s article, Social Condition as Fundamental Causes of Disease, points out that, â€Å"Social factors, which tendRead MoreTheories, Humans, And Social Evolution Essay1764 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"I have not given, received, or used any unauthorized assistance† - Victoria Stake ANTH 400 – Exam #1 Theories, Humans, and Social Evolution Theory, for me at this point in the semester, means that a hypothesis has been tested, the results have been replicated, and then the theory withstands time but it is falsifiable in nature. There are three different kinds of theories, with the first being the most basic and containing the widest range. This is the High-level theory that helps us to understandRead MoreAfro Mexic The Immigrant Rights Movement2290 Words   |  10 Pages Afro-Mexican Soundtrack to the Immigrant Rights Movement By: Silvia Huerta ANTH 022: World Music and Cultures Final Paper May 5, 2015 Socially and politically reinforced negative racial perceptions of indigenousness and blackness in Mexico have kept Afro–Mexican musical traditions largely hidden from modern music industry. However, the culture of African-descended populations remains alive in embodied musical practices of Mexico, specifically in the regional music and danceRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2585 Words   |  11 PagesKaylen Balthazar-Chang August 14, 2014 ANTH 362 Final Paper Post Traumatic Stress Disorder War, tragedy, and trauma; life altering situations such as these may cause someone to feel unsafe for the rest of their life. A symptom that may come about from these types of situations is something known as PTSD. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a symptom that may occur after an individual is subjected to a traumatic event in which they were exposed to physical harm or the threat of harm. PTSD

Mall Culture free essay sample

The tremendous hike in the number of shopping malls in Mumbai is the direct result of globalization. In its march towards the Global Village, the shopping malls are providing Mumbai with the gusto to move still further. The shopping malls can be said to be the outcome of the class conscious citizens who prefers sophisticated environs for shopping. In fact, the mushrooming of the international brands in India, has also created the need of multifarious shopping malls to emerge. Mumbais shopping mall emerged amidst the bustle of the city. It exhibits a wide range of accessories from clothing to foot-wear, crockery to books; the shopping malls of Mumbai contains all and sundry of the household chores. Now-a-days, with the growing trend of window shopping, the shopping malls always stay vibrant with many kinds of people pouring into the malls throughout the day. Children come to the shopping malls to enjoy – as the malls keeps the latest versions of the video-games, teenagers come here to keep abreast with the prevalent trend; whereas the adults come here to really shop for their necessities. We will write a custom essay sample on Mall Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being the major center of commerce, the shopping malls of Mumbai are the best place to study the crowd of a city or a town. Here we can find people trying different kinds of outfits in front of the mirror, or loitering throughout the mall in search of a favorite commodity. In the shopping malls , we find people from different backgrounds joining in for the same cause, viz. shopping! Shopping malls in Mumbai are known as the paradise of style and fashion. From dress materials, accessories swim suites, to branded apparels and life style equipments, these shopping malls cater to the multi-pronged needs of the customers. To update about and provide the people of Mumbai the trendiest deliverables the shopping malls come with an endless line of daily use products as well as goods that are exclusively made for special occasions. The shopping malls of Mumbai are of different nature. While some are life style stores, some others are superstores. The most prominent shopping malls that don the fashion fiesta of Mumbai are: ? R mall in Mulund a just blend of entertainment, shopping and dining, the place houses multiplex, pub, restaurant, Pizza Hut and a kids’ gaming station ? Inorbit mall in the western suburb a shopping site dealing with cosmetics, appliances, garments and furniture, the place houses a four-screen multiplex | ? Hypercity mall in Malad Link road – with a super market and computer and computer accessories shops the two storied mall is famous for tech equipments ? Atria mall in Malad – a five-storied structure, the mall is the place of national and international brands, gaming section, bowling alley and food joints ? Crossroads mall – with a sprawling 1, 50, 000 sq ft of area, the centre houses four buildings and is popular for expensive branded apparels ? Phoenix mall – the place is full of big names like McDonalds, Pantaloons, Provogue, Adidas and Reebok ? Nirmals in Mulund – apart from Pantaloons and Shoprite Hyper, the place accommodates many small retail shops ? Metro-Junction in Kalyan – dealing in an infinite range both Indian and non-Indian brands this one has food zone, parlors and music stations With plans of many more upcoming centers, Mumbai is surely all set to become a bustling hub of magnificent and awesome shopping malls. Ch-2. Methodology Issues 2. 1. Research Objectives To conduct in-depth study on consumers’ buying behaviour in a mall. To know the relation between income pattern and shopping in the mall. To know what the average consumer prefers to buy today. To gain an insight and get into the psyche of the consumer. To prepare report based on a field survey of 50 people, mostly in Ulhasnagar city. To be practical in the field of Marketing Research. To become a part of this industry in future. * To gain information regarding consumers monthly income, general buying preferences, visiting preferences and expectations regarding anything specific in the mall. 2. 2. Research Object Hypothesis A Hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete terms what we expect will happen in our study. We define a proposition as a statement about observable phenomena (concepts) that may be judged as true or false. When a proposition is formulated for empirical testing. It is called as HYPOTHESIS. Hypotheses have also been described as statements in which we assign variables to cases. There are two types of hypotheses: 1. Descriptive Hypotheses 2. Relational hypotheses Descriptive hypothesis: Descriptive Hypothesis states the existence, size, form or distribution of some variable. Descriptive Hypotheses format has many benefits: * It encourages researchers to crystallize their thinking about the likely to be found. * It encourages them to think about the implications of a supported or rejected finding. * It is useful for testing statically significance. Relational Hypotheses: These are statements that describe a relationship between two variables with respect to some cases. In this hypothesis we have two interpretations. The first interpretation indicates a co relational relationship; the second indicates an explanatory, or causal, relationship. Correlation Hypotheses state that the variables occur together in some specified manner without implying that one causes the other. Such weak claims are often made when we believe there are more basic causal forces that affect both variables or when we have not developed enough evidence to claim a stronger linkage. In research, a hypothesis serves several important functions: * It guides the direction of the study. * It identifies facts that are revelant and those that are not. * It suggests which form of research design is likely to be most appropriates. It provides a framework for organizing the conclusions that result. Null Hypothesis:- The simplistic definition of the null is as the opposite of the alternative hypothesis, H1, although the principle is a little more complex than that. The null hypothesis is a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify. The null often refers to the common view of something. Alternative hypothesis:- Is what the researcher really think is the cause of a phenomenon. An experiment conclusion always refers to the null, rejecting or accepting H0 rather than H1. Despite this, many researchers neglect the null hypothesis when testing hypotheses, which is poor practice and can have adverse effects. H0:- Shopping in Mall amp; consumer Income are not related. H1:- Shopping in Mall amp; Consumer Income are related. 2. 3. Description Of Concept A shopping mall or shopping centre is one or more buildings forming a complex of shops representing merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a parking area  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a modern, indoor version of the traditional marketplace. Shopping Malls are gradually taking places of Parks for younger generation. They go hand in hand, sit in some cafe and spend time. For companies, it allows to feature their brand and lure the younger generations to aspire for their products. The concept of Shopping malls is quite popular in India as one gets everything from top to bottom under one roof , with an excellent ambience of style and elegance , having potential to make one feel to shop . 2. 4. Scope Of Study The following report is an in-depth study on consumers’ buying behaviour in a mall. Primary data, which is the feedback received directly from the consumers, is collected, sorted and converted into statistical form. The outcome so obtained is then analysed and possible conclusions are drawn. These conclusions help in knowing what the average consumer prefers to buy today. Conversely it helps in understanding what his dislikes are too. Whether the product to be launched gains acceptance in the mind of the consumer depends to quite an extent on the Research Report. It helps us gain an insight and get into the psyche of the consumer so we can design more and more products and services which are best suitable to his needs. Not only will this help in making more profits but also in enhancing consumer loyalty – a boon in today’s competitive world. The findings of the report are based on a field survey of 50 people, mostly in Ulhasnagar city. Although it may not give an exact idea of the buying behaviour of every consumer, it does give a peek into the mind of the general preferences of the conservationalist, the average and the spend-thrift consumer. Data refers to a collection of natural phenomena descriptors, including the results of experience, observation or experiment, or a set of premises. This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations or a set of variables. Primary source is used to collect initial material during the research process. Primary data is the data that the researcher collects himself using methods such as surveys, direct observations, interviews as well as logs. Primary data is reliable way to collect data because the researcher will know where it came from and how it was collected and analyzed since he did it himself. Primary sources of information allow the lear ner to access original and unedited information. A primary source requires the learner to interact with the source and extract information.

Mall Culture free essay sample

The tremendous hike in the number of shopping malls in Mumbai is the direct result of globalization. In its march towards the Global Village, the shopping malls are providing Mumbai with the gusto to move still further. The shopping malls can be said to be the outcome of the class conscious citizens who prefers sophisticated environs for shopping. In fact, the mushrooming of the international brands in India, has also created the need of multifarious shopping malls to emerge. Mumbais shopping mall emerged amidst the bustle of the city. It exhibits a wide range of accessories from clothing to foot-wear, crockery to books; the shopping malls of Mumbai contains all and sundry of the household chores. Now-a-days, with the growing trend of window shopping, the shopping malls always stay vibrant with many kinds of people pouring into the malls throughout the day. Children come to the shopping malls to enjoy – as the malls keeps the latest versions of the video-games, teenagers come here to keep abreast with the prevalent trend; whereas the adults come here to really shop for their necessities. We will write a custom essay sample on Mall Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being the major center of commerce, the shopping malls of Mumbai are the best place to study the crowd of a city or a town. Here we can find people trying different kinds of outfits in front of the mirror, or loitering throughout the mall in search of a favorite commodity. In the shopping malls , we find people from different backgrounds joining in for the same cause, viz. shopping! Shopping malls in Mumbai are known as the paradise of style and fashion. From dress materials, accessories swim suites, to branded apparels and life style equipments, these shopping malls cater to the multi-pronged needs of the customers. To update about and provide the people of Mumbai the trendiest deliverables the shopping malls come with an endless line of daily use products as well as goods that are exclusively made for special occasions. The shopping malls of Mumbai are of different nature. While some are life style stores, some others are superstores. The most prominent shopping malls that don the fashion fiesta of Mumbai are: ? R mall in Mulund a just blend of entertainment, shopping and dining, the place houses multiplex, pub, restaurant, Pizza Hut and a kids’ gaming station ? Inorbit mall in the western suburb a shopping site dealing with cosmetics, appliances, garments and furniture, the place houses a four-screen multiplex | ? Hypercity mall in Malad Link road – with a super market and computer and computer accessories shops the two storied mall is famous for tech equipments ? Atria mall in Malad – a five-storied structure, the mall is the place of national and international brands, gaming section, bowling alley and food joints ? Crossroads mall – with a sprawling 1, 50, 000 sq ft of area, the centre houses four buildings and is popular for expensive branded apparels ? Phoenix mall – the place is full of big names like McDonalds, Pantaloons, Provogue, Adidas and Reebok ? Nirmals in Mulund – apart from Pantaloons and Shoprite Hyper, the place accommodates many small retail shops ? Metro-Junction in Kalyan – dealing in an infinite range both Indian and non-Indian brands this one has food zone, parlors and music stations With plans of many more upcoming centers, Mumbai is surely all set to become a bustling hub of magnificent and awesome shopping malls. Ch-2. Methodology Issues 2. 1. Research Objectives To conduct in-depth study on consumers’ buying behaviour in a mall. To know the relation between income pattern and shopping in the mall. To know what the average consumer prefers to buy today. To gain an insight and get into the psyche of the consumer. To prepare report based on a field survey of 50 people, mostly in Ulhasnagar city. To be practical in the field of Marketing Research. To become a part of this industry in future. * To gain information regarding consumers monthly income, general buying preferences, visiting preferences and expectations regarding anything specific in the mall. 2. 2. Research Object Hypothesis A Hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete terms what we expect will happen in our study. We define a proposition as a statement about observable phenomena (concepts) that may be judged as true or false. When a proposition is formulated for empirical testing. It is called as HYPOTHESIS. Hypotheses have also been described as statements in which we assign variables to cases. There are two types of hypotheses: 1. Descriptive Hypotheses 2. Relational hypotheses Descriptive hypothesis: Descriptive Hypothesis states the existence, size, form or distribution of some variable. Descriptive Hypotheses format has many benefits: * It encourages researchers to crystallize their thinking about the likely to be found. * It encourages them to think about the implications of a supported or rejected finding. * It is useful for testing statically significance. Relational Hypotheses: These are statements that describe a relationship between two variables with respect to some cases. In this hypothesis we have two interpretations. The first interpretation indicates a co relational relationship; the second indicates an explanatory, or causal, relationship. Correlation Hypotheses state that the variables occur together in some specified manner without implying that one causes the other. Such weak claims are often made when we believe there are more basic causal forces that affect both variables or when we have not developed enough evidence to claim a stronger linkage. In research, a hypothesis serves several important functions: * It guides the direction of the study. * It identifies facts that are revelant and those that are not. * It suggests which form of research design is likely to be most appropriates. It provides a framework for organizing the conclusions that result. Null Hypothesis:- The simplistic definition of the null is as the opposite of the alternative hypothesis, H1, although the principle is a little more complex than that. The null hypothesis is a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify. The null often refers to the common view of something. Alternative hypothesis:- Is what the researcher really think is the cause of a phenomenon. An experiment conclusion always refers to the null, rejecting or accepting H0 rather than H1. Despite this, many researchers neglect the null hypothesis when testing hypotheses, which is poor practice and can have adverse effects. H0:- Shopping in Mall amp; consumer Income are not related. H1:- Shopping in Mall amp; Consumer Income are related. 2. 3. Description Of Concept A shopping mall or shopping centre is one or more buildings forming a complex of shops representing merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a parking area  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a modern, indoor version of the traditional marketplace. Shopping Malls are gradually taking places of Parks for younger generation. They go hand in hand, sit in some cafe and spend time. For companies, it allows to feature their brand and lure the younger generations to aspire for their products. The concept of Shopping malls is quite popular in India as one gets everything from top to bottom under one roof , with an excellent ambience of style and elegance , having potential to make one feel to shop . 2. 4. Scope Of Study The following report is an in-depth study on consumers’ buying behaviour in a mall. Primary data, which is the feedback received directly from the consumers, is collected, sorted and converted into statistical form. The outcome so obtained is then analysed and possible conclusions are drawn. These conclusions help in knowing what the average consumer prefers to buy today. Conversely it helps in understanding what his dislikes are too. Whether the product to be launched gains acceptance in the mind of the consumer depends to quite an extent on the Research Report. It helps us gain an insight and get into the psyche of the consumer so we can design more and more products and services which are best suitable to his needs. Not only will this help in making more profits but also in enhancing consumer loyalty – a boon in today’s competitive world. The findings of the report are based on a field survey of 50 people, mostly in Ulhasnagar city. Although it may not give an exact idea of the buying behaviour of every consumer, it does give a peek into the mind of the general preferences of the conservationalist, the average and the spend-thrift consumer. Data refers to a collection of natural phenomena descriptors, including the results of experience, observation or experiment, or a set of premises. This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations or a set of variables. Primary source is used to collect initial material during the research process. Primary data is the data that the researcher collects himself using methods such as surveys, direct observations, interviews as well as logs. Primary data is reliable way to collect data because the researcher will know where it came from and how it was collected and analyzed since he did it himself. Primary sources of information allow the lear ner to access original and unedited information. A primary source requires the learner to interact with the source and extract information.

Slavery in the United States Essay Example For Students

Slavery in the United States Essay The development and institution of slavery in the United States began when the U.S didn’t even exist. When British colonies where beginning to pop up all over North East America there was a very noticeable problem; too much land and not enough people to work it. In order to work the land as much as possible many wealthy British colonist would pay to have indentured servants come to the new world and in return the indentured servants would work for them for seven years for free. At this time the servant would become free, however many servants died or ran away therefore fewer and fewer Europeans wanted to come to the New World. A very quick and very devastating solution to this was slave labor from Africa. The institution of slavery was supplied with slaves as people who where sentenced to it, kidnapped, and a vast majority where captured in war and put into slavery. Of all the slaves that where shipped into the New World one third would die on the way, and 90% of those would e nd up in countries like Brazil, Cuba, Barbados and Jamaica. In North America the first documented African American slaves arrived in 1640 in Jamestown, approximately 20, and where sold as indentured servants, but an event in the early 1640’s would change that when three indentured servants fled their master and where captured. The two whites had seven years added to their service but the African was enslaved for life. As time goes on, the idea of Ethnocentrism begins to snowball until Africans are stripped of all human rights and become pieces of property. By 1700 most slaves are men, however some women begin to be brought over and self-sustaining supply of slaves begins to emerge. At this time the south begins to develop a Plantation Economy growing staple products such as tobacco, which increases slave labor. Slavery continues on, for almost 100 years, until the Constitution is drawn up in (date). The Constitution, however, reduces democracy and will do more harm for slaves than good. In the years to come the Constitution goes through some major changes, one of these is the 3/5 compromise which counts all slaves as 3/5 of a person in regards to representation of specific states. In January of 1808 Congress bans the importation of Slavery, which is surprisingly tolerable for the South. Southern plantation owners know that slaves are now self-sustaining, however, whites exceed slaves in population in only some parts of the South. All of America knows that slavery will become a reoccurring issue for the Nation but for now the 36 degrees, 30 minutes law states that the North is free of Slavery but the South can continue use of slaves. During this time Nationalism begins to waste away and Sectionalism begins to set in. In the 1840’s the South’s population consisted of a majority of poor whites and of course slaves. In this Paternalistic society a very small amount of the population, maybe 5%, where wealthy plantation owners. Those who where in power treated everyone below them as children, there was a mass delusion that the slave life was a good life for African Americans to live. In the Southern plantation economy slaves where the backbone of every type of cultivation. In the Deep South there is a huge demand for slaves because cotton cultivation skyrockets, during this time living conditions for the slaves worsens and the slaves begin to resist actively and passively. Active resistance seems to be the best strategy but the risk and punishment is very high. The more common type of resistance is passive which was hidden and undetected. In passive resistance slaves would accidentally break tools, over salt food in the kitchen, and would use singing and dancing to convey hidden messages to other slaves. This did not solve the problem though it only reinforced the premonition that slaves where stupid and clumsy. There are several incidents of active resistance, but the most frightening to Southern whites was the revolt of Nat Turner where men, women, and children where killed on a killing spree. The South becomes more and more a closed society because whites become increasingly paranoid over the fear of slave revolts. Whites try to rationalize the Institution of Slavery in many ways. There was the idea of Scientific Slavery, which said that slaves where closer to apes by measuring the shape of their heads to prove that they weren’t very knowledgeable. Southerners also said that being one of their slaves was better than being a wage slave to Northern Factories because Southern slave owners would take care of their slaves into old age and sickness. Another rationalization was that all slaves where to be treated as children because they could not govern themsel ves properly. These same white southerners reacted very quickly to threats made against slavery such as seizing and destroying mail-promoting abolitionism. Southern mobs would beat up, and tar and feather any suspicious Northerners. The Gag Rule also came into play, which meant that between 1834 and 1836 no petitions dealing with slavery would be turned away by (?). Stronger fugitive slave laws where also passed. .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .postImageUrl , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:hover , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:visited , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:active { border:0!important; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:active , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetics EssayBibliography: